Green Heat and Power
Report 3:1999
Green Heat and Power
Green Heat and Power
Eco-effective Energy Solutions in the 21st Century |
Files you may download: PDF: Green Heat and Power 648 kb PDF: Green Heat and Power, chapter 1 and 2 330 kb PDF: Green Heat and Power, chapter 3 and 4 126 kb PDF: Green Heat and Power, chapter 5 to 7 226 kb |
Contents
Green Heat and Power (Front page)
II Preface
III Summary
1 The Energy and Environment Challenge
- 1.1 Three sources of fossil fuel
- 1.1.1 Three key factors
1.3 Three uses of energy
1.4 Three key solutions
- 1.4.1 Cleaner fossil fuels
1.4.2 Renewable energy
1.4.3 Energy efficiency
- 2.1 Energy Carriers
2.2 Carbon extraction
- 2.2.1 Depositing
- 2.3.1 Extraction of CO2 from natural gas
- 2.3.1.1 Exhaust gas purification
2.3.1.2 Hydrogen power plants
2.3.1.3 Heating with pure oxygen
2.3.1.4 Some cost considerations
2.3.1.5 Some considerations on efficiency
2.3.1.6 Fuel cells
- 2.4.1 Power supply
- 2.4.1.1 Land-based power
2.4.1.2 Centralized power production with CO2 extraction offshore
2.4.1.3 Land-based centralized power production with CO2 extraction
2.4.1.4 On-site CO2 extraction offshore
2.4.1.5 New developments in electric components for power grids
2.4.1.6 Moving energy consumption ashore
- 2.4.2.1 Reduced water production and seawater injection
2.4.2.2 Injecting CO2 as an alternative to gas injection
2.4.2.3 Increasing gas pipeline diameter
2.4.4 Localizing new, versus reduced, access to fossil resources
2.4.5 Summary
- 1.4.5.1 Necessary measures
- 3.1 Sources of renewable energy
- 3.1.1 Wind power
3.1.2 Tidal energy
3.1.3 Osmotic pressure
3.1.4 Wave power
3.1.5 Hydropower
3.1.6 Solar energy
- 3.2.1 Bioenergy and waste
- 3.2.1.1 Biofuel
3.2.1.2 Energy from biological waste
3.2.1.3 Biodiesel
3.2.1.4 Biogas
3.2.3 Heat pumps
3.2.4 Geothermal energy
3.2.5 1-2 TWh process heat available close by consumers
3.4 The political and economic structure
3.5 Hydrogen production from renewable energy
4. Energy efficiency on the mainland
- 4.1 New technology to curb increasing consumption of electricity
- 4.1.1 Using the most appropriate type of energy
4.1.2 Increased use of electricity for heating costs more than district heat
4.1.3 Inconsistent regulations hinder district heating
4.1.4 Lower power-grid rates for decentralized electrical power plants
4.1.5 Prohibition of resistance heaters in new construction except single-family homes
4.1.6 Minimum requirements for electric lighting
4.1.7 Limiting the stand-by function on new electronic equipment
4.3 New cable technology
4.4 Tax loopholes from Sweden and Denmark
5. Hydrogen and electricity in the transportation sector
- 5.1 Regulations and taxes force the development of new technology
5.2 Fuel Cell Cars
5.3 Hydrogen in Norwegian Transportation
5.4 Storage
- 5.4.1 Compressed hydrogen
5.4.2 Liquid Hydrogen
5.4.3 Metal hydride
5.4.4 Hydrogen in carbons
5.4.5 Methanol
5.4.6 Gasoline and other hydrocarbons
5.6 Other use of hydrogen in the transport sector
5.7 Hydrogen and safety
5.8 Battery-driven electric cars
5.9 Other electric-powered vehicles
6. From supplying raw material to providing technology
- 6.1 Hydrogen in transportation based on Norwegian electrolysis and gas expertise
6.2 From Norwegian silicon to international solar power
6.3 Energy from waste
6.4 Concrete with 50% CO2 emission
6.5 Light materials for cleaner transportation
- 7.1 Developments in the energy market
7.2 Norway, the land of energy
7.3 Effective use of existing energy consumption
- 7.3.1 Less expensive food and clothing, higher price for electricity
7.3.2 Technological efficiency to avoid energy waste
7.3.3 Free environmental process heat must be treated the same as renewable energy
7.3.4 Power grid companies must opt for a district heating network when this is least expensive
7.5 Direct emissions reduction from energy production and use
8. References
a1 Gasturbines on the Norwegian shelf
a2 A closer look at fossil oil, well pressure, and produced water
a3 Fuel Cells: From fuel to electricity and clean water
a4 Index of organization names
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